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Solid Waste Management in Turkey
Prof. Dr. Aysel Atimtay, Middle East University Ankara, Turkey
Turkey with a population of 70 millions, is among the world's 20 largest economies and is member of the "Group 20" countries. Approximately, 65.000 tons/day and about 30 million tons/year of solid waste is generated in Turkey. 68% of the "Domestic Solid Waste" is composed of organic wastes. From the total municipal solid waste generated, around 25% -30% is estimated to be recyclable and recoverable. In 2004, the amount of municipal solid waste in Turkey was 1.30 kg/capita/day, equivalent to 474.5 kg/capita/year. The percentage of the total population receiving solid waste services was 97% in 2004, compared with 95% in 2001.
It is estimated that 45% of recyclable solid waste consists of materials related to paper and packaging. The By-Law on Control of Solid Waste (1991 and amendments) enforced specific recovery and quota obligations on industry. In 2004, within the framework of harmonization with the EU Environmental Regulations, the By-Law on Control of "Packaging and Packaging Wastes" came into force which aims to separate waste collection at source.
There are two incineration facilities in Turkey for hazardous waste and hospital waste. Also, legal obligations have been imposed on the manufacturers of batteries and accumulators. Waste or end-of-life tires are burned in cement factories. Several recycling facilities have started to produce bio-diesel from vegetable waste oil which will make a significant positive net economic contribution in the future.
Project Eradication of illegal waste dumps and diffusion of cultural issues of the environment
Eugenia Mancilla, SEREMI de Salud, Région Valparaiso
In the year 2002, with funding from MIDEPLAN, a diagnosis of illegal waste dumps was carried out in the Region of Valparaiso, which covered the jurisdictional area of the three Health Services.
Results showed that the location of these illegal waste dumps was close to populated places and / or precarious human settlements, implying risks to the health of the exposed community.
2006 started the program to address the problem in the province of Valparaiso, which was implemented with a budget of M$ 50. 000. In 2007 began the project in the Communes of Viña del Mar and Quilpué, and the Communes of San Felipe, Los Andes and Petorca, with a budget of M$ 100.000. In the year 2008, the project started to work with the Communes of Quillota and San Antonio, with a similar budget.
Mechanical and Biological Waste Treatment – MBT
ENG. CHRISTIANE PEREIRA, Faber - Ambra
Increasing of waste generation and environmental impact urge the research searching treatment alternatives previously to the final disposal in landfills. Only pre-treated waste will be disposed of in sanitary landfills.
Mechanical and biological treatment (MBA) is a method to stabilize the residues and to lower the active period of waste reactions in the landfill. It is a procedure that modifies the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the residues.
The general advantages are: a reduction from 20 to 30 years of long term monitoring at the landfill, an increase of 50% of the landfill's life time, biogas production is reduced by 90%, the organic load of the leachate is reduced by 90%, the landfill settlement and odours are reduced.
Project Hazardous Waste Management in Chile "Project ResPel"
Alvaro Zurita, GTZ
The type of project that was carried out was a project of bilateral technical cooperation between Germany and Chile, between the years 2003 to 2008. The aim was to improve the hazardous waste management in Chile. The responsible institutions are CONAMA and GTZ.
The expected results of the project are: a complementation of the legislation in force, the generation of a model of control / audit, presentation of innovative solutions / pilot projects, carry out capacity building and awareness, and achieve coordination and cooperation among stakeholders.
A product of the project is the Programme of Awareness and Capacity Building for Hazardous Waste in SMEs, where a diagnosis was carried out and materials to arise awareness were prepared.
CONAMA = Comisión Nacional del Medio Ambiente, Chile
www.conama.cl
GTZ = Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit GmbH, Germany
www.gtz.de
Comparative Study of Municipal Solid Waste Treatment System in Thailand - Situation and Perspective
Somrat Kerdsuwan, King Mongkut?s Institute of Technology North Bankok (KMITNB) - The Waste Incineration Research Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering
The Waste Incineration Research Center (WIRC), Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut?s University of Technology North Bangkok, Bansue, Bangkok, 10800, THAILAND.
Corresponding Author; Email : srk@kmutnb.ac.th
Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is considered as a discard matter which needs a special disposal method. At present, landfill is the most common treatment method of MSW in Thailand. This is due to its lowest net treatment cost when comparing with the other methods, i.e. thermal treatment and composting. However, it is quite clear that the landfill method is not an ultimate and sustainable way for the MSW treatment. In deed, it works in such a way that the waste would be transferred into land and waiting for final disposal process in the future, causing a large land usage and long-term treatment. In order to solve this dilemma, the thermal treatment method has been considered as an efficient alternative approach in which the MSW can be transformed effectively into ash and its mass and volume can be reduced up to 70 to 90%.
Moreover, the energy recovery from this process can be utilized for electricity power generation and heat generation. This can result in the income of the plant when selling such energy to the industry or, at least, the lower operating cost of the plant from its own energy subsidy. In addition, according to the energy crisis nowadays in due to the high petroleum price, the Ministry of Energy has developed a plan to treat the MSW effectively and, at the same time, benefit from the energy produced from the waste. It is expected that the Waste-to-Energy plant will be installed in Thailand by the year 2011, where the 100-MW electricity can be generated from the energy recovery. Efforts are being made to develop more satisfactory systems for waste management and disposal. This study has been designed to provide information on the characteristics and operational of the waste-to-energy systems in used at present and a preliminary assessment of the feasibility of using waste-to-energy system with waste available in Thailand.
The technologies studied include incineration, anaerobic digestion, refuse derived fuel (RDF) production, gasification and landfill gas to energy. Then, establish, ranking criteria and variables that influence the selection of the municipalities for MSW to energy system installation. The feasibility study of 2electricity generation from MSW for the selected municipalities comprises the study of socio-economic and the readiness of local agency, environmental, and economic and financial aspect in order to select the final municipalities that are most appropriate ones for conducting the detailed design of MSW to energy system. The ultimate goal of the project is to improve energy efficiency, meanwhile, conserve the environment and improve quality of life.
Solid Waste Management in Germany
Dr. Klaus Fischer, University of Stuttgart, Germany
In Germany the total amount of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) was constant during the last decade. An increasing quantity of material like paper, glass, metals, wood, plastic and biowaste are recycled. The reason of this development was the introduction of a separate collection system at the households.
Main focus of the presentation is the use of biowaste. The countrywide separated collection of biowaste and green waste helps to produce valuable products like compost, which can be used as fertilizer. In rural and sub-urb areas, the decentralised backyard composting is common. In Germany households have to pay taxes for the generation of solid waste. Fees are an effective possibility to reduce the quantity of MSW. The yearly costs for solid waste disposal could be reduced by about 10 to 20 %. Composted organic waste delivered own fertilizer without any toxics.
Anaerobic digestion in <st1:country-region><st1:place>Germany</st1:place></st1:country-region> is mainly apllied in central plants for solid waste or in co-fermentation plants, where the treatment of solid waste can be combined with the use of manure in agriculture areas. The biogas of the fermentation plants is used for the production of heat and electricity and can be a growing contribution for renewable energy.
Hospital Waste Treatment M. Sc. Maria Alejandra Espinoza, University of Stuttgart, Germany When speaking about waste utilization, nobody thinks first on hospital wastes. Generally this kind of waste is considered as very hazardous. However, studies have shown that, if properly segregated, only around 10 % of the waste needs special treatment, such as incineration or underground disposal. This leads to the fact that there is a big utilization potential of wastes generated in health care establishments. In almost all the units it is possible to have utilization grades of 60%, which implies less treatment and disposal costs. The types of wastes that are mainly recycled / reutilized are paper, glass, plastics, metals, and organic residues. Some wastes, such as packaging materials are disposed of through the DSD ? System and the Remedica Association free of charge. For other wastes, such as batteries or electronic equipments, it is the producers? responsibility to take these back and assure a proper treatment or disposal. In this sense, the possibilities health care establishments have to reduce its waste quantities and the related treatment and disposal costs will depend mainly on their segregation efficiency and the ability of identifying all the opportunities for waste avoidance and utilization.
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